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We develop novel biophotonic tomography for early-cancer detection and functional imaging, using non-ionizing electromagnetic and ultrasonic waves. Unlike ionizing x-ray radiation, non-ionizing electromagnetic waves, such as optical and radio waves, pose no health hazard and, at the same time, reveal new contrast mechanisms. For example, our spectroscopic oblique-incidence reflectometry can accurately detect skin cancers, based on their functional hemoglobin parameters and cell nuclear size. Unfortunately, electromagnetic waves in the non-ionizing spectral region do not penetrate biological tissue in straight paths as x-rays do. Consequently, high-resolution tomography that is based on non-ionizing electromagnetic waves alone, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy as well as optical coherence tomography, is limited to superficial imaging within about one optical transport mean free path (~1 mm) of the surface of biological tissue. Ultrasonic imaging, by comparison, provides good image resolution but has strong speckle artifacts as well as poor contrast in early-stage tumors. We have developed ultrasound-mediated imaging modalities by combining electromagnetic and ultrasonic waves synergistically to overcome the above problems. The hybrid modalities yield speckle-free images with high electromagnetic contrast at high ultrasonic resolution in relatively large volumes of biological tissue. Please visit the Research pages to see the specific technologies that we develop.
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